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The Best New Housing Developments in Southern Ca

Written By Smith Pire1985 Monday, 21 February 2022 Add Comment Edit

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��������� 2006

 

�����������: ������� ������������� ������� ��� .

������ � ���������� �� ����������� ����� ��� ��������� ������������� ������������� � ����������� ������������� ����-������� ����� ��������./����. ; ����. ���. ����. ��-�. � ���������, 200c.

������� �������� ������ ��� ���������� � ��������������� ������, ������� �� 4-� ��������, ���������� ��������� ����: ����������� ������, ������� � ��� ��������, ������������ ������������ ����������, ������������.

� ������� ������ ������������� � �������������� ����������, ��������������� ��� ��������� ������������ �������������.

������� �������������� � �����������.

���������: ������� ������������� ������� ��� �� ���� .

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����������� �����������, 2006

CONTENS

Unit I �����������������������������������4

Text. Town planning �����������������������������4

Unit Two ����������������������������������... 6

Text. Buildings, their development and functions����������...�������..6

Text. Residential and Industrial Buildings���������������������.9

Unit of measurement Iii ����������������������������������..10

Text. The Choice of Material��������������������������.11

Unit 4 ���.�������������������������������.12

Text. Forms and Functions of Architecture��������������������.. 14

Text. Egyptian pyramids...���������������������������.17

Additional texts�������������������������..�....................xviii

Grammar review�������������������������������22

Unit I

TOWN PLANNING AND TOWN Evolution

1. ��������� ������� ����������� � ���������� �������� .

to blot

environment

to modify

to blueprint

survey

forecast

communication

congestion

pattern

recreation

diagram

one.  ��������� (����������������, �����);

2.  ���������� �����;

3.  �������;

4.  �������������;

5.  ������������;

6.  �����;

7.  ������������ ����, ���������������� �����;

8.  ������������;

9.  ���������;

10.  �����, �����������;

xi.  �������.

Text. Boondocks planning

That cities should have a plan is now admitted in construction and planmaking has become an every day activity. The purpose of a town plan is to give the greatest possible liberty to the individual.

The new evolution absorbs or modifies an existing surround, and and then earlier it can exist designed it is necessary to detect out about that environment. Information technology is besides necessary to practise research of the trends of population growth, the distance from work to home, the amount of sunshine in rooms, the degree of atmospheric pollution and and then on. After the survey is complete a forecast of future development is made in the course of a map: the master plan or evolution plan. The programme of a city must be flexible then that information technology may extend its dwellings, reconstruct its working places, consummate its communications and avoid congestion in every part.

Virtually towns today have a feature functional pattern as follows: a central core containing the principal shopping center, business organization zones. Nearly towns planners accept the traditional town pattern. In the training of a principal programme they are preoccupied with the definition of the town center, industrial areas, and the areas of housing; the creation of open space for recreation, the laying down of blueprint of main roads.

The master programme thus has to define the ultimate growth of the town, but though the master plan is a diagram, and even a flexible ane, it is the construction upon which all future evolution is to take place.

Notes

thus [ð⋏southward] � ����� �������;

ultimate ['⋏ltimit] � ���������, �������������;

to be preoccupied � ���� �����������, ����������� �������.

2. ��������� �����, ��������� ������ �������� ���������� ���� � ������ ���������� � ���������� ��.

evolution plan � (��������, ������������������, ���������);

master program � (�������, �������, �����������, �����������);

nearly towns � (������ �����, ����������, �����������);

to lay down the design � (�������, ���������, ����������);

town pattern � (�������, ��������, ���, ���������).

3. ���������� ��������� ��������������.

Business zone, town pattern, population growth, development plan, road system, programme making, town planner, shopping eye, public transport, recreation surface area.

4. �������, ����� �� ������ ����������� �������� ������� ����� ������.

1. In the preparation of the master plan information technology is necessary to ascertain the town zones.

2. All cities should have a program.

3. Before a flexible plan is fabricated it is necessary to find out nearly the existing surround.

4. The master programme also defines places for agile and passive recreation.

5. � ������������ � ����������� ������ ��������� ������������� ����������� ����� �� ������ ���������.

ane. The purpose of a boondocks plan is �

a). to practice enquiry of the trends of population growth,

b). to give the greatest possible freedom to the individual,

c). to observe out about the existing environment.

2. Before a town plan is designed, it is necessary �

a). to extend the dwellings, reconstruct the working places,

b). to make a forecast of future development in the form of a map or a series of maps,

c). to find out about the existing environment.

iii. In the training of a chief programme the planners are preoccupied with �

a). the thought that in our time plan-making has become an everyday activity,

b). the definition of the town blueprint and the laying down of a blueprint of main roads,

c). the necessity to decide the distance from work to home.

six. ���������� �����������, ������� �������� �� �������� ������� �to be �.

one.  The purpose of a boondocks plan is to requite the greatest possible liberty to the individual.

two.  The master plan is the structure upon which all future development is to take place.

3.  We are to take into consideration all the advantages and disadvantages to decide what plan is the best.

4.  Many new blocks of houses are to be built according to the new development plan.

5.  The task of an builder is to make plans, whereas the job of an engineer is to build co-ordinate to those plans.

7. ��������� ��� ������� (�����, �����������, ��������������) �� ���������� ������.

Unit of measurement Ii

BUILDINGS, THEIR Development AND FUNCTIONS

1. ��������� ������� ����������� � ���������� �������� � ���������������.

primitive

concrete

the column and beam method

site

know-how (ability)

to burn

to harden

slanting roof

the arch

precast

one.  ����, ����, ����

two.  ������� �����

3.  �����������, �����������

iv.  ��������� ���������, ���������

v.  �������-�������� �����

6.  ������

vii.  ��������

eight.  �������

9.  �����

10.  ������������ ��������

Text. The development of the house

The first houses in different countries of the earth were made of forest. At that fourth dimension the greater part of our planet was covered with thick forests. Even in those days men constitute means of using wood as a building material. In some places they tied together the tops of several trees and covered them with the hides (skins) of animals. In other places they covered them with leaves or grass.

The primitive people�s first houses were tents or huts. Primitive building required no tools. The invention of tool permitted the cutting of stones and timber. Stone was the virtually convenient building cloth in countries where there was not much wood but plenty of stone.

People began to employ stone widely to build their houses many centuries agone. With the development of stone cutting finer tools appeared.

The column has played an important part in the history of edifice. Most of the building of old times was based upon the column and beam method of structure.

About iv,000 years before our era the Egyptians possessed smashing constructional know-how (ability). They built simple houses by present standards. They used bricks which in their most primitive course were not burned, but were hardened past being dried in the sun. Since the middle ages, brickwork has been in constant use everywhere, in every sort of structure and in every architectural style. They fabricated apartment roofs because in that location was very little rain in Egypt. Their buildings were simple in construction just very beautiful. We still adore their monuments, sphinxes and palaces.

Greek builders learned much from Egyptian builders. They built their houses with slanting roofs because the climate of these ii countries differs profoundly. Presently Greek builders became second to none in cavalcade making. Simply they added the curvation, thus adding much strength and beauty to their buildings.

The utilise of precast concrete, a very advanced construction technique, has many advantages over other building materials. Precast edifice units can be assembled at the site all the year circular in any weather. The precast concrete technique which is constantly being improved in our country, plays a corking a keen role in our edifice.

Notes

since the center ages � ������� �� ������� �����;

to exist second to none � �� ����� ���� ������.

two. ���������� �� ������� ����, ������� �������� �� ��������� � ��������� ������.

i.  The start houses in the earth were made of woods.

2.  Most of the buildings of sometime times was based upon the column and beam method of structure.

3.  Precast building units tin be assembled at the site all the year round in any weather.

4.  Since the center ages brickwork has been used in every architectural style.

5.  The precast concrete technique is constantly being improved in our country.

3. �� ��������� ���������� ������ �������� �� ��������� �������.

1.  What kind of textile did men utilize building the first houses?

ii.  Archaic edifice didn�t crave tools, did it?

iii.  What appeared with the development of stone?

4.  What kind of roofs did the Egyptians brand and why?

five.  Who became 2d to none in column making?

6.  Why do precast building units accept advantages nowadays?

one. ��������� ������� ����������� � ��������� ���������� �������� � ���������������.

housing (residential construction)

managerial staff

mod amenities [ə�mi:nitiz]

prefabricated physical elements

food processing plant

home

sanitary fittings

furnishings

tenants

stores

storage facilities

present-day design

technological advance

i.  �������� �������������;

2.  ������� �������� ��������;

3.  �������������� �������;

4.  �������������� ������������;

v.  �����������;

6.  ������;

vii.  ����������� ��������������;

8.  ����������� ��������;

9.  ������������;

10.  ����������� ��������;

11.  ��������� ���������;

12.  �������;

13.  ������

Text. Residential and Industrial Buildings

In technically adult countries the building industry, comprising skilled and unskilled workers in many trades, building engineers and architects, managerial staff and designers employs a considerable proportion of the available labour force.

Building industry including residential and industrial construction holds a considerable place in the National Economy. The problems of structure have grown into major, political issues in most countries.

The housing demands take brought to life new methods of construction, new levels of technological advance. Now prefabricated physical elements may be classified into two principal groups � for residential houses and industrial buildings.

Nowadays-24-hour interval designs for residential structure envisage all modern civilities for a abode, they abet larger, better built and better equipped flats and houses. There is a marked improvement in the heating and ventilating systems every bit well as in kitchen and sanitary fittings. Many tenants now tin beget better effects, refrigerators, washing machines, etc. A house which is a physical surroundings where a family develops is acquiring a new and mod look.

Industrial buildings comprise another significant blazon of construction. This types of construction involves factories, nutrient processing plants, office buildings, stores, storage facilities, exhibitions halls, ets.

2. �������, ����� �� ������ ����������� ��������� � �������� ����� ������ � ����� � � ������������.

1.  The problem of housing has grown into a major, political issue in most countries.

2.  Industrial buildings contain another significant type of construction.

3.  Present-day designs for housing envisage all modern conveniences and germ-free fittings.

4.  A house which is a physical environs where a family develops is acquiring a new and modern expect.

3. ��������� ���� � ������.

iv. �������� ������ ����� ����� � ������������ � �� �������� � ����������� � ���������� ��� �����������.

1.  Building industry � a considerable � in the National Economic system.

2.  Industrial � � another significant type of construction.

3.  The housing � have brought to life new � of construction, new levels of � .

(place, holds, demands, buildings, methods, contain, technological advance).

v. ����� �� ����� ���� ��������� ������ �� ������.

�Why is a house acquiring a new and modernistic expect�?

6. ���������� ��������� �����������, ������� �������� �� ������� Present and By Participles.

one. Building industry including residential and industrial construction holds a considerable place in the National Economy.

ii. Nowadays-twenty-four hour period designs for residential construction advocate better congenital and better equipped flats and houses.

3. In technically adult countries the building manufacture, comprising skilled workers, engineers, architects and designs employs a considerable proportion of labor strength.

Unit of measurement III

BUILDING MATERIALS

1. ��������� ������� ����������� � ���������� ��������.

depending on application

prefabricated concrete elements

reinforced concrete elements

diverse backdrop

tensile stress

compressive loads

breakable

thermal conductivity

volume weight

rigid

resin

1.  ������������� ����������;

2.  �������;

3.  ����������������;

iv.  � ����������� �� ����������;

v.  �������;

vi.  ��������� ��������;

7.  �����;

8.  ������� �������� ��������;

9.  �������� ���;

ten.  �������������� ��������;

xi.  ������������� ��������

Text. The Choice of Textile

Which material can be used for a particular part of the building depends on the kind of load to which information technology is subjected and on the shape of the role. That development of the metallurgical and motorcar-building manufacture made possible mass production of prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structural elements is a well-known factor to influence the choice of materials. Using prefabricated elements builders perform a considerable corporeality of building work at a factory where highly mechanized technological processes of production are practiced.

Reinforced concrete is a buildings material in which the joint functions of concrete and steel are successfully used. Being brittle, physical cannot withstand tensile stresses. Just if steel is introduced into concrete information technology changes its property.

Like whatsoever other rock material, concrete offers a proficient resistance to compressive loads.

Reinforced physical structures and elements are widely used both for residential houses and industrial buildings. Depending on the application of reinforced physical structures all kinds of concrete � heavy, low-cal and heat insulating may be employed.

In many cases bricks also are very satisfactory for use in the construction. Bricks generally present a pleasing appearance and tin can be obtained with various qualities, colours and textures. Being of a loftier book weight and high thermal conductivity, ordinary brick is not always satisfactory in building practice. In that location are other kinds of bricks which are more than effective, they are light-weight buildings bricks, hollow or porous bricks. Light-weight edifice bricks differ from ordinary bricks in a lower volume weight and lower thermal conductivity, and are therefore more economic than ordinary bricks.

1 of the most significant facts almost building has been research on synthetics and plastics. Plastics take appeared comparatively recently but, owing to their valuable and diverse backdrop, have found a wide application in many fields (motorcar-building, aviation, textile manufacture, etc.). Application of plastics in the building field widens from yr to year.

In respect to physical and mechanical properties at a normal temperature of 200C all plastics are divided into rigid, semi-rigid, soft and plastic. In respect to the number of constituents plastics may exist classified as simple and complex.

Plastics consisting of one polymer are referred to as uncomplicated. Thus, organic glass (plexiglass) consists of one synthetic resin. But in the building field we usually deal with complex plastics, e. g. plastics consisting of a polymer and other components.

ii. �������, ����� �� ������ ����������� ��������� � �������� ������, ������� � ���������.

ane. There are some kinds of structural materials that have appeared comparatively recently, sometimes they consist of ane polymer. But in building manufacture some complex materials consisting of a polymer and other components are used.

two. In many cases bricks also are very satisfactory for use in the construction.

3. There are some kinds of cloth which are brittle and cannot withstand tensile stress.

four.  If steel is introduced into some kind of fabric it changes its property.

5.  Some buildings materials offer a adept resistance to compressive loads.

In respect of physical and mechanical properties these materials are divided into rigid, semi-rigid and soft.

3. � ������������ � ����������� ������ ��������� ������������� ����������� ����� �� ������ ��������� ( a, b, c).

1.  Reinforced concrete is a building textile in which �

a). � such properties every bit minor volume weight and high thermal electrical conductivity are combined.

b). � physical and mechanical backdrop at a normal temperature of 200C make it semi-rigid and soft.

c). � the joint functions of concrete and steel are successfully used.

ii.  Like any other stone fabric, concrete offers �

a). � the ability of binding together stone, brick and plaster.

b). � a good resistance to compressive loads.

c). � a lower volume weight and lower thermal conductivity.

4. ��������� ���������� ������ �������� �� ��������� �������.

1.  What types of construction are reinforced concrete structures and elements used for?

2.  What kind of material cannot withstand tesile stresses and why?

3.  What new materials accept come into utilise both in industry and edifice?

4.  In what industrial fields are plastics used?

five.  How does steel introduced into physical modify its properties?

Unit of measurement 4

THE COMMUNITI AND Compages

i. ��������� ������� ����������� � ���������� ��������.

aesthetic quality

evolve

skills

heritage

survival

evident

solution

entail

appearance

interaction

separate

constant

creative imagination

integration

contemporary expression

1.  ����������� ���������������;

ii.  ����������, ���������;

three.  ���������;

four.  ������������ ��������;

5.  ��������������;

vi.  �������;

7.  ����������;

8.  �����������;

9.  ��������;

10.  ����� �� �����, ��������;

eleven.  ������� ���;

12.  ���������;

13.  ���������� �����������, ��������;

14.  ���������;

xv.  ���������

Text. Forms and Functions of Architecture

Compages is the art and the science of building. Without consideration of structural principles, materials, and social and economic requirements a building cannot take form, but unless aesthetic quality likewise is inherent in its form the building cannot be considered as a work of architecture.

From the very beginning of architecture many skills, systems and theories have been evolved for the construction of the buildings, and writing on architecture is near every bit old as writing itself. Books on the theory of architecture, on the fine art of edifice, and on the aesthetic advent of buildings exist in fair number. The oldest book nosotros have that sets along the principles upon which buildings should be designed is the work of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, written in the first century B. C.

Architecture is an fine art, its contemporary expression must be creative and consequently new. The heritage of the by cannot be ignored. The paradox of the coexistence of modify and survival is axiomatic in all phases of the human story. The philosophers, and historians have taken cracking pains to explain it. This paradox of change and repetition is clearly illustrated in whatever architectural manner.

Nearly two one thousand years agone the Roman architect Vitruvius listed 3 bones factors in architecture � convenience, strength and beauty. These 3 factors are always present and are e'er interrelated in the best structures. Thus architectural blueprint entails not but the study of solutions for convenience, for structure, and for advent every bit three separate processes but besides a consideration of the abiding interaction of these factors.

This triple nature of architectural blueprint is i of the reasons why compages is a hard art. The designer must have a sufficient knowledge of engineering science and of edifice materials, must posses the artistic imagination which will enable him to integrate the program and the construction into one harmonious whole. The architect�south feeling of satisfaction in achieving such an integration is one of his greatest rewards.

Notes

inherent [in�hiərənt] � ��������

to set along � �������������, ��������

B. C. � before Christ [kraist] � �� ����� ���

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio [ma:kəs vit�ruviəs pɔ�liɔu] � ������ �������� (������� ���������� � �������, ����� �������� ������� ���� �� �����������)

off-white number � ������������ ����������

consequently � �������������, �������

to accept pains � ����� �� ���� ��������

2. �������, ����� �� ������ ����������� �������� ������� ���� ������.

1.  Books on the theory of architecture exist in fair number.

2.  3 basic factors in architecture � convenience, strength and beauty are always present and interrelated in the best structures.

iii.  This paradox of modify and repetition is conspicuously illustrated in any architectural style.

three. �������, ����� �� ������ ����������� �������� �������� ���������� ������. ����������� �� �������� ������������������ ���������.

1.  Architecture is an art, its gimmicky expression must be creative and consequently new.

2.  There are some people who claim that compages is not a fine fine art at all.

3.  Writing on architecture is about equally old as writing itself.

4.  The tripe nature of architectural design is ane of the reasons why architecture is a difficult fine art.

v.  A edifice cannot be considered as a work of architecture, unless aesthetic quality is also inherent in its course.

6.  The builder�s feeling of satisfaction in achieving such an integration is one of his greatest rewards.

four. ������������ ������������ ����������� � ����� ������ ���������� ������.

1.  Architecture is the art but not the scientific discipline of edifice.

two.  It is quite possible for the architect to call up of the basic factors in architecture - convenience, forcefulness and beauty � as three carve up processes.

5. ��������� �� ��������� �������� ���������������, ��������� �������������� ��������: - tion, - ion.

to repeat, to construct, to consider, to express, to create, to imagine, to integrate, to interact, to interrelate, to satisfy.

one. ��������� ������� ����������� � ���������� ��������.

colossal

triangular

tomb

durable

ancient

expert

1)  �������, ��������

2)  ������

3)  �������

4)  �����������

v)  ������������, �������������

6)  �������

Egyptian Pyramids

There have been many unlike styles or kinds of compages in the by and there are many different styles today in different parts of the globe.

The oldest monuments which are met within architecture are the jumbo pyramids of Egypt well-nigh of which were constructed about vi,000 years ago.

The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed over tombs of Egyptian Kings. The best known of the pyramids are a grouping of iii congenital at Giza due south of Cairo. The larget of these is 482 feet high. They tell us of the advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much spoken about even in our days. Information technology was a country which had expert mathematicians and engineers, where astronomy and philosophy were known and studied.

The country was rich in difficult and durable stone, but poor in timber and metallic, and then that the main material used for structure was granite, and this was the reason for the immovability of the pyramids.

Big blocks of rock were transported over long distances past land and water, and placed into position with the help of the most primitive equipment. That was done by slaves working for thirty or forty years. All this bang-up corporeality of work was done, masses of material and a big territory sometimes of well-nigh 52.000 foursquare meters were used, only for protecting the body of a dead king and constructing a domicile place for his happy life in the �other earth�.

Notes

Egypt [�i:ʤipt] � ������

Cairo [�kaiərɔu] � �. ����

Giza [�gizə] � ����, �. � ������, �������� �����. ����� �������, ��� ��������� �������� ������� ������.

two. �������� �������� �� �������� ����.

granite [�grænit]

expert [eks�pə:t]

durable [�djuərəbl]

ancient [�einʃnt]

foursquare [skwεə]

tomb [tu:m]

triangular [trai�ængjulə]

3. �������� �� ��������� �������.

1.  What are the oldest monuments of Arab republic of egypt?

2.  When were the pyramids constructed?

3.  What are the all-time known of them?

4.  What were they constructed for?

5.  What material was used for the construction of Egyptian pyramids?

4. ����������� �������� ����� � �������� ����������� � ���������� ������������������, ��� ������ �������� ���������� �������. ���������� ����������� �� ������� ����.

Additional TASKS

one. Describe i of the architectural monuments or the most beautiful buildings in Russia or abroad, using a program:

i. When and where it was built;

2. Who information technology was designed past;

3. How information technology looked before and how it looks now;

4. Construction materials which were used;

5. How the building was used before and how information technology is used now;

half dozen. Why yous recall information technology is ane of the near beautiful architectural monuments (or the most beautiful edifice) of the world.

2. Discussion.

to pull down � �������, ����������;

to reconstruct � ���������������, ����������������.

In all the cities of the world there are some very old buildings. Sooner or afterwards they have to be pulled down or reconstructed.

In Moscow and St. Petersburg and other towns some parts of the old town are reconstructed and carefully preserved. In some others all old buildings are pulled downward and modern comfortable structures of concrete and glass are existence built. In Warsaw, for example, many buildings destroyed during the World War Ii were reconstructed and at present they look as they did earlier the State of war. Do you lot remember it is necessary to reconstruct quondam buildings or pull them downwardly?

Read the listing of pros and cons. Remember of some more.

Is it necessary to reconstruct former buildings?

For

Against

1. One-time buildings are historic monuments.

two.  Information technology is much cheaper to reconstruct sometime buildings than to build new ones.

three.  The compages of onetime buildings is much more beautiful than that of modernistic buildings.

i.  Quondam buildings are not comfortable, they have no necessary conveniences.

2.  The process of reconstruction takes a lot of time and needs qualified workers.

3.  City traffic can�t go through erstwhile narrow streets.

4.  There is no place to build new houses.

ADDITIONAL TEXTS

What places of rest does a chief plan define?

The master program defines the pattern of the town and its relation to the topography. It shows the principal areas and zones necessary for housing and industry. Furthermore, information technology defines the principal zones in the town centre for civic, business and cultural purposes.

As for the mural, the master programme shows the agricultural areas surrounding the town, it indicates the areas of natural mural that should be left for passive recreation; it too shows the active recreation areas necessary for the housing areas and for the town as a whole.

Every bit for the road arrangement, it shows the chief roads connecting various zones together; information technology suggests the routes of public transport and it may ascertain the primary pedestrian ways.

How can the problem of safety be solved?

Roads appeared in the far-off times and were first in the form of pedestrian tracks. And so, every bit culture progressed, they became routes along which horse-drawn traffic and finally vehicles moved.

Roads have e'er had a dual function: every bit traffic routes and as a ways of approach to dwellings and other buildings. But since the growth of transport these functions have been seriously in conflict with each other. Today this disharmonize is extremely smashing and leads to smashing danger.

Whatever boondocks so planned that its citizens are killed in great numbers is an ill-planned boondocks. The layout of all newly adult areas must be made dependent on the condom gene. Pedestrians and fast motor traffic volition never and tin can never mix � they must exist isolated.

***

Portland cement is a product obtained by mixing and then burning ii raw materials, the ane composed largely of lime and the other of textile containing silica, alumina and iron. The two raw materials are ground and mixed to give definite proportions of lime, silica, alumina and atomic number 26 oxide. The finished product should receive no addition other than gypsum. Portland cement can to some extent be modified to adapt a particular application. It has led to the evolution of an increasing diversity such as high alumina cement and puzzolanas. Puzzolanic cement consists of mixtures in varying proportions of Portland cement and puzzolana. The latter is an ash usually of volcanic origin, but which may be produced by the calcinations of suitable clays or shales. Puzzolanic cements are more resistant to chemical attack than Portland cement. They are generally very finely footing and have excellent working properties. To develop the maximum ultimate strength, these cements demand prolonged wetting; they are therefore very suitable for use under h2o.

***

In Russia excavators are now recognized as an essential role of the architect�s equipment. Structure operations embody different classes of work. It would not be a skilful practice to create single-purpose machines for best economy volition be plainly achieved when an all-purpose unit is made that tin can be converted, when required to suit each class of work. Our plants for excavating machinery produce revolving shovels with attachments which go far possible to utilise them for carrying out each class of work.

Each shovel is fabricated in three structural divisions. Anatomically the summit of the revolving unit of measurement is the head and torso, the travel unit is the legs, and the various attachments are the arms and easily. A revolving and a travel unit of measurement together make upwardly a �basic shovel�.

***

The architect uses drawing to achieve his objective, but in the strict pregnant of the term a piece of work of architecture exists only when it stands complete, a concrete object for all to meet or to use. Drawing, no matter how magnificent the blueprint they testify, are never in themselves works of architecture. The dangers of �paper architecture� are very great. It is necessary to point out that many elements, which look well on a drawing may be either completely ineffective or definitely harmful in the actual edifice. Paper architecture is the result of thinking of cartoon and the furnishings they make as an stop rather than a means. In fact, drawings can represent buildings simply symbolically. A valid criticism against much eclectic architecture is that it is substantially paper architecture, considering eclectic buildings are full of decorative elements which look well on the drawing � still in the actual buildings they are completely meaningless.

***

The setting of limits of population, area, and density is the first step in the art of building cities. It is interesting to notation that Leonardo da Vinci recognized the evils of congestion that resulted from the overcrowding of Milan at the showtime of the sixteenth century. He proposed to put its 300.000 people into ten cities of 30.000 each.

Some architects recognize in the city the same limitation on biological growth that is seen in the cell. Every jail cell has a norm of development. When a cell has reached its optimum of growth, its nucleus divides in two, and 2 new cells are formed. Cities are not biological organisms, hence, except for a primitive dependence on a express h2o and food supply there is no natural limit to their growth � but at that place is a social limit, and that limit has been constantly exceeded in the expansion of modern cities.

A city should exist big enough to achieve social co-operation of a complex kind based on the necessary division of labour, merely so big as to handicap these functions.

Grammar REVIEW

Simple Continuous

English Tenses

He went to Paris last calendar week

��������������

�������� �������������: ��� ��� ��?�, ��� ������ ��?�

He went to Paris terminal  calendar week, didn�t he?

������ � �����������

��������, ��� (���), ��������� ��������

Who went to Paris final

 calendar week?

�����

�������� �� ����� ����������� � ������������ ����� ��� ��� ����.

Did he go to Paris terminal

week?

��������������

���������� ����� �� ���� ��� ���������� ���������

   Did he get to Paris or to

New York last week?

�����������

�������� � ������� �������������� ���� ��� ��������� ����-�� �����������

When did he go to

Paris?

to be written

Agile Vocalisation Passive Voice

I teach English. I am taught English.

We gave her a nowadays. We were given a nowadays.

She helped him. She was helped by him.

He volition transport a letter. He volition be sent a letter.

They often read stories. They are often read stories.

���-�� ���-�� ������ ����-�� ���-�� ������

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

Participle I

Participle Ii

Agile

Passive

Passive

Uncomplicated

translating

1)  �����������

�����������

2)  ��������������

��������

being translated

one)  �����������

������� (��) �����������

2)  ��������������

������ ������������ (��)

translated

1)  �����������

������������ (��)

2)  ��������������

����� (��) �������� �

������

�����

Perfect

having translated

��������������

�������� �������

having been translated

��������������

����� (��) �������� �

������

�����

1. ��������� Past Simple ��������:

to get � went

to come �

to run �

to do �

to take �

to say �

to stay �

to try �

to visit �

to watch �

to read �

to sleep �

2. ������� ������ � ������������

1. My favorite subjects is English and Maths.

2. Sometimes I studies books nearly history of edifice.

iii. Who did destroy that architectural monument?

4. Final year they have finished higher.

v. He doesn�t design buildings, doesn�t he?

3. �������� ���������� ����� ���������������� �������

1. I � not like to play lawn tennis.

2. Where � he go two years ago?

3. They � discuss this plan next week.

4. ��������� ������ � ��������� ������ � ������ �����

1. Await! She (to describe) a very beautiful pic.

2. We (to come across) Peter a couple of weeks agone, merely we (non, come across) him this week yet.

3. Soon she (to be) an builder.

4. Information technology frequently (to rain) in this part of the world.

v. I never (to be) to Egypt earlier.

5. ������� ������ � ������������, ��������� �������������� ����������� � �������.

i. He has passed two exams this calendar week (How many?)

2. In the middle ages nobles built castles every bit a form of defense force. (What? Who?)

3. Adjacent week the lecturer will tell the students about the ancient art of making columns. (When? What almost?)

6. ���������� � �������� ����� �� ����������

one. � ���� � ������ ����� �������.

ii. �������-�������� ����� ������ ������ ���� � ������� �������������, �� ������ ��?

3. � ��� �� ���������� ��� ���������, ������� � ���� ������������ � ���� �������.

7. ��������� ������, ���������� ������� � Simple, Perfect, Continuous Passive

1. During the 2nd World War many ancient architectural monuments (to destroy).

2. Many houses (to build) in Moscow every yr.

3. Since the eye ages brickwork (to use) in every architectural way.

4. A new railway line (to construct) now.

5. In a infinitesimal each of united states of america (to requite) instructions on labour protection.

8. ��������������, ���������� Passive

ane. They volition build a stadium here in the near future.

two. They used granite as the principal textile for construction of Egyptian pyramids.

iii. They had built the theatre before the war began.

4. The architect uses drawings to reach his objective.

5. The builders are realizing the projection proposed by a grouping of architects.

�����������

���������

�������� �� � 000

��������� � ������ 02.05.2006

������ . ����� 1 �. �.

����� 100 ����� 37/2006.

�����������-������������ ����� ��������� ���������������� ������������ ������������ (�������������� ������)

���������� � .

�����: 618450 �. ���������, ����������� �����, 17.

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